Страдательный залог глагола/ The Passive Voice
Используется, когда действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.
То есть, подлежащее ничего не делает, действие производится над подлежащим.
Например: Дом строится. Книга написана. Работа будет сделана.
Образование:
Образуется при помощи глагола to be соответствующего времени и глагола в 3-ей форме
Таблица времен, в которых возможно употреблене Passive Voice, и формы глагола TO BE приведена ниже:
Tense
|
Verb TO BE
|
Past Participle
|
Examples
|
Present Simple
|
Am/is/are
|
built
|
The house is built.
|
Present Continuous
|
Am/is/are + being
|
built
|
The house is being built.
|
Past Simple
|
Was/were
|
built
|
The house was built.
|
Past Continuous
|
Was/were+ being
|
built
|
The house was being built.
|
Future Simple
|
Will be
|
built
|
The house will be built.
|
“Going to”
|
Going to be
|
built
|
The house is going to be built.
|
Present Perfect
|
Have/has been
|
built
|
The house has been built.
|
Past Perfect
|
Had been
|
built
|
The house had been built.
|
Modal verbs
|
Can be /could be
Should be
May be /might be
Must be /had to be
|
built
|
The house can be built.
The house should be built
The house may be built.
The house must be built.
The house has to be built.
|
В отрицательных предложениях отрицательная частица not добавляется к глаголу to be либо к вспомогательному глаголу.
Tense
|
Verb TO BE
|
Past Participle
|
Examples
|
Present Simple
|
Am/is/are + not
|
built
|
The house is not (isn’t) built.
|
Present Continuous
|
Am/is/are + not + being
|
built
|
The house is not (isn’t) being built.
|
Past Simple
|
Was/were + not
|
built
|
The house was not (wasn’t) built.
|
Past Continuous
|
Was/were + not + being
|
built
|
The house was not (wasn’t) being built.
|
Future Simple
|
Will + not + be
|
built
|
The house will not (won’t) be built.
|
“Going to”
|
am/is/are + not + going to be
|
built
|
The house is not (isn’t) going to be built.
|
Present Perfect
|
Have/has + not + been
|
built
|
The house has not (hasn’t) been built.
|
Past Perfect
|
Had + not + been
|
built
|
The house had not (hadn’t) been built.
|
Modal verbs
|
Can/could+ not + be
Should + not be
May/might + not + be
Must + not + be
do/does + not + have to be
|
built
|
The house can not (can’t) be built.
The house should not (shouldn't) be built.
The house may not be built.
The house must not (mustn’t) be built.
The house does not (doesn’t) have to be built.
|
В вопросительных предложениях глагод to be либо вспомогательный глагол ставятся перед подлежащим.
Tense
|
Verb TO BE
|
Past Participle
|
Examples
|
Present Simple
|
Am/is/are + (что)
|
built
|
Is the house built?
|
Present Continuous
|
Am/is/are + (что) + being
|
built
|
Is the house being built?
|
Past Simple
|
Was/were + (что)
|
built
|
Was the house built?
|
Past Continuous
|
Was/were + (что) + being
|
built
|
Was the house being built?
|
Future Simple
|
Will + (что) + be
|
built
|
Will the house be built?
|
“Going to”
|
Am/is/are + (что) + going to be
|
built
|
Is the house going to be built?
|
Present Perfect
|
Have/has + (что) + been
|
built
|
Has the house been built?
|
Past Perfect
|
Had + (что) + been
|
built
|
Had the house been built?
|
Modal verbs
|
Can/could + (что) + be
Should + (что) + be
May/might + (что) + be
Must + (что) + be
Do/does + (что) + have to be
|
built
|
Can the house be built?
Should the house be built?
May the house be built?
Must the house be built?
Does the house have to be built?
|
Примеры:
Present Simple:
English is spoken all over the world.
Nikon cameras are made in Japan.
Coffee isn’t grown in England.
Are cars made in your country?
Past Simple:
His car was stolen last night.
The animals were frightened by a loud voice.
He wasn’t injured in the accident.
How was the window broken?
Present Perfect:
He’s been robbed.
X-ray machines have been used for many things.
They haven’t been invited to the party.
Has our car been repaired?
Future Simple:
Thousands of cars will be produced next year.
The cars won’t be sold in the UK.
Will the children be sent to a new school?
Времена в страдательном залоге используются так же как и в действительном, действуют те же правила. Дополнение в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в страдательном.
Например:
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. – Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
В страдательном залоге часто используются предлоги by (одушевленные) и with (неодушевленные), которые ставятся перед существительными, переводимыми на русский язык в творительном падеже (отвечают на вопрос кем?, чем?).
Например:
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. - Гамлет был написан (кем?) Шекспиром.
The text was written with a pen. - Этот текст был написан (чем?) ручкой.